Cylindrical cell batteries are the most common types of batteries

Cylindrical cell batteries are the most common types of batteries used in household devices. These batteries typically come in standard alkaline form, but some also come as nickel-based rechargeable batteries. The size of the battery, labeled by its letter class, determines how much power it stores, which is measured in amp-hours.
AA batteries are among the most common types of cells used. A AA battery measures 2 inches in length, including its button-like positive terminal, and just over 0.5 inches in diameter. AA batteries usually have a voltage of 1.5 volts, though nickel-cadmium and nickel-hydride usually have a 1.25 voltage and nickel-zinc has 1.65. Alkaline batteries usually have a maximum charge of 2900 amp-hours; lithium and nickel hydride batteries
(Hp pavilion dv6 battery,Dell latitude d830 battery) can have up to 3000 amp-hours, while nickel-cadmium and zinc-based batteries usually have 1500 or less. AA batteries are often use in portable electronic devices like hand-held CD players and video games consoles.
AAA batteries are very similar to AA cells, but more compact. These batteries are 1.75 inches long and 0.41 inches in diameter. Like AA batteries, they carry a voltage of 1.5 volts. AAA batteries usually have a maximum charge of 1200 amp-hours; zinc and cadmium-based batteries can drop to around 500 amp-hours. These batteries are for devices that don't require as much power as those that use AA cells. They are found in the same type of devices as AA cells, such as portable electronics and remote controls, but they are more efficient in power consumption.
C cell batteries are noticeably larger than AA and AAA sizes. They are two inches long and just over 1 inch in diameter. These batteries' voltage may vary from the standard 1.5 voltage depending on their chemical compound. The alkaline form of these batteries normally store 8,000 amp hours; nickel hydride batteries usually have 6,000 while zinc-carbon batteries have less than 4,000. C batteries are often used in larger children's toys and musical instruments.

Did you know that detaching your main laptop batteries from your laptop would increase your laptop's battery life up to 75%? Our experience and testing have shown that even when you are plugged in with your laptop ac adapter and your battery is fully charged, the laptop will still use the laptop battery resources in small increments. This will put unnecessary charge cycles to your battery. Since typical li-ion laptop batteries have 375 charge cycles, having a fully charged battery inserted will put unnecessary charge cycles. The downside to removing your laptop battery maybe a loss of power when the ac adapter is accidentally unplugged or when there is a power outage.


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How to make your systems save when downloading the files to their computers

In the past few days since these scams surfaced, a number of MacFixIt readers have contacted us wondering about whether or not their systems are safe after having seen the site on their systems or even downloading the files to their computers. They want to know what they can do to check for and remove the malware.
What the recent malware does
If you have seen the "Apple Security Center" Web site and have clicked on the "Remove All" button, the site will download an installer file for malware that runs locally on your system. The program is distributed in several forms that so far have taken the names "Mac Defender," "Mac Security," and "Mac Protector." When installed it will run in the background and launch pornographic Web sites and other unwanted content, and show a fairly clean and crisp-looking scanner interface that will ask you to purchase  Acer extensa 5220 battery, Apple a1185 battery an upgrade.
If you provide your information to the program, you chance identity theft and charges to your credit cards.
Removing it!
Luckily the malware is fairly easy to remove, as it basically runs as a background process on your system that is launched by an action the user takes (logging in, etc.). If you have not installed any programs or opened any files downloaded from these sites, then you should be good to go and can just delete the downloaded files. If you have only visited the site and have not downloaded any files, then you do not need to do anything.
However, if you have opened the downloaded files and especially if you are seeing the malicious behaivor (unwanted pornographic sites randomly opening), or the scanner program launching and saying you have infected files, then you will need to check for and remove the program. To remove it, follow these steps:
Shut it down.
Open the Activity Monitor utility and perform a search for the malware (or browse through the list of running processes for it--sort by name to prevent the list from jumping around). The malware should be called "MacDefender," "MacSecurity," or "MacProtector" and will be running under the current user's name (see the "User" column of activity monitor). Reputable antivirus software for your system will be running under the user name "root" and will have required a full installation that required you to supply your administrator credentials.
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With the malware selected in Activity Monitor, click the "Quit Process" button and confirm to quit it (use the force-quit option if it will not quit).

If you want to use the Terminal to do this, you can run the following command to kill the processes by name (the "sudo" portion may not be needed, but this will ensure the system can fully kill the running processes):
sudo killall macdefender macsecurity macprotector

1. Remove the program.
   Go to the /Applications folder and move the program to the trash (it should likewise be called "MacDefender," "Mac Security," or "Mac Protector"). Also locate the installer file (likely in your Downloads directory, or wherever you have Safari store downloaded items) and move it to the trash as well. When you have done this, empty the trash.
2. Remove references to the program.
   So far the program is launched at log-in by the system's "Login Items" feature. Go to the "Accounts" system preferences and choose your account name. Then go to the "Login Items" tab and remove any reference to the software from that list.

Ongoing protection
With the malware removed your system should be good to go; however, there is always the possibility that the malware will change in the future and adopt a new name or a new method of trying to trick users. Generally malware is more prevalent on underground, software piracy, and pornographic Web sites, but numerous people have reported the current Trojans showing up when browsing MSN and other reputable sites. Therefore, in order to better protect yourself you may need more than basic Internet "street smarts." To better protect your system, try some of the following suggestions:

1. Disable auto-handling of files
   Apple supplies a few options to automatically handle files, including the option in Safari to automatically open "Safe" files. Unfortunately the files that Safari considers to be "Safe" are not always so. Therefore, go to Safari's preferences and uncheck the option to open safe files.
2. Always manually install programs or open documentsIn addition to Safari, check your other Internet-based programs such as e-mail clients, chat programs, and Web browsers to see if they automatically launch files received from the Internet. For instance, Mail has an option to automatically add iCal invites to your calendars. Turn this feature off and manually click on any received invitations only after you have confirmed they are legitimate. Do this for all files received  Dell latitude d830 battery, Dell vostro 1500 battery on your system.
3. Install a reputable malware scanner.There are a number of reputable malware scanners out there, so purchase one, install it, and keep it updated with the latest malware definitions. Some of these scanners are free, and others are commercial products (this list is not complete):
4. Set up specific downloads folders
   Know where your programs download files on your system. By default most will use the system's Downloads folder; however, some will place files in other locations on your system.

Protect your backups by excluding these download folders from them. This can be done in Time Machine's preferences or in the settings for a drive cloning utility if you use one.


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Apple’s $60 billion in cash will be put to use to build out cloud offerings

Lucky for us, they are missing out on the fomenting of the new new thing: the cloud bubble.
Even if you paid extra special attention in social studies, you probably can’t name a single gold company that prospered in the mid-19th century and is around today. But you’d hard pressed to find someone who hasn’t heard of Levi Strauss & Co., who made the miners’ work apparel of choice. To belabor the point, you want to be positioned agnostically as possible for the cloud buildout; Cisco Systems Inc. and Riverbed are the two best names in the pick-and-shovel trade.
Recently, the world has become obsessed with what I’ll refer to collectively as “hard assets.” The dollar is tanking as Prof. Ben Bernanke brings academia to monetary policy. University endowments are hoarding gold on the advice of their alumni. Central banks, master market-timers that they are, are accumulating (or refusing to sell) bullion at these record levels. Farmland has seen more bubbles this century than almost any other asset in America, but yet again prices in the heartland are seeing double-digit gains — per quarter. After a brief interruption in 2008, investors of all stripes have come barreling back in to anything that they think is getting scarcer.
For instance, lithium consumption in batteries was up dramatically from 2002 to 2010, and is projected to climb fourfold over the next 10 years, according to the TRU Group’s estimates. Impressive, right? Commercial lithium-ion batteries didn’t even exist a few years back.
Bubbles happen because investors love to extrapolate charts like this ad infinitum. Sociedad Quimica y Minera de Chile SA
the company with the highest lithium output, had a market capitalization of $35 million in 1993. Today SQM is worth $8.47 billion, rough 227 times what you could have bought the whole company for in the Clinton years.
In investing the price you pay matters, and all commodities have been in a secular boom for some time now. The real money was made before the world knew what a lithium battery was. The time to get long commodities was before Jim Rogers created an index for retail investors, not when he is advising MBA students to become farmers.
Apple already has eliminated optical drives on its MacBook Air model. Chief Executive Steve Jobs has been building out Apple’s data centers and cloud pipelines (buying music-streaming service Lala.com) in preparation for a full-scale cloud rollout.
Apple-branded cloud services, where you can watch any TV episode or listen to any song you’ve downloaded on any mobile Apple device, is the company’s next step in keeping the iPod/iPhone/iPad train rolling. The advantage that Apple has enjoyed with iTunes is beginning to erode, as music services like Pandora and Spotify have been changing consumption habits, with users migrating from single downloads to all-inclusive streaming services.
You better believe that Apple’s $60 billion in cash will be put to use to build out its cloud offerings, in the name of widening its competitive moat. The cloud will allow Apple to couple the ability to consume media anywhere with the Apple hardware cum user experience.
Not that Amazon and Google Inc. are going to let Apple have a free pass. Amazon recently introduced a free, 5-gigabyte “music locker,” where users can upload audio files and listen to them on any computer.
When Google rolled out Gmail as an invite-only service and offered a paltry 1GB of email storage, it inspired a frenzy. Now that Gmail storage is up to 7GB, when Google launches its own music-storage service (it’s trying for later this year), can it really start out with less than 10GB? All this data floating around in the cloud, which will multiply every few years, require the switches and cables and hardware made by Cisco and Riverbed.
The next few years will be an arms race, with companies trying to position themselves as cloud-competent. Research firm Gartner expects worldwide cloud-services revenue will grow from $46 billion in 2008 and $56 billion in 2009 to more than $150 billion in 2013.
It is recommended that you fully charge(generally recommend an overnight charge) and discharge the new Apple a1281 laptop battery two to four times to allow it to reach its maximum rated capacity. It is normal for a battery to become warm to the touch during charging and discharging.
When charging the Apple a1281 battery Pack for the first time, the device may indicate that charging is complete after just 10 or 15 minutes. This is a normal with rechargeable batteries. New Apple a1281 is hard for the device to charge; they have never been fully charged and not "broken in".Sometimes the device's charger will stop charging a new battery before it is fully charged. If this happens, remove the battery from the device and then reinsert it. The charge cycle should begin again. This may happen several times during the first battery charge. Don't worry, it's perfectly normal.


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Why Advanced Lithium Ion Batteries Won’t Be Recycled

One of the most pervasive and enduring myths in the energy storage sector is that a robust recycling infrastructure for used lithium-ion batteries will be built before the wonder-batteries that are being manufactured today for the first generation of plug-in vehicles reach the end of their useful lives. In the worst case scenario, advocates suggest used lithium-ion batteries will be stockpiled until there are enough used batteries to justify the build-out of recycling infrastructure.

The numbers tell a very different story.

For several years the single minded obsession of all lithium-ion battery developers has been reducing costs to a point where using batteries as a substitute for a fuel tank makes economic sense. Most of the progress has come from substituting cheap raw materials like iron, manganese and titanium for the more costly cobalt and nickel that were used in first generation lithium-ion batteries((Dell inspiron 9300 battery, Dell latitude d420 battery)). Unfortunately, when you slash the cost of the materials that go into a battery you also slash the value of the materials that can be recovered from that battery at the end of its useful life.

Using Material Data Safety Sheets from Powerizer and current LME Prices fromMetalPrices.com, I've calculated the value of the metals that can be recovered from recycling a ton of used batteries and summarized them in the following table.

Battery Chemistry	Metal ValuePer Ton
Lithium cobalt oxide batteries	$25,157
Lead acid batteries	$1,500
Lithium iron phosphate batteries	$400
Lithium manganese batteries	$300

Given the extremely high metal value of used cobalt-based lithium batteries it seems strange that only one company in the world, Unicore of Belgium, has bothered to develop a recycling process. When you take the time to read and digest Umicore's process description, however, the reason becomes obvious. Recycling lithium-ion batteries is an incredibly complex and expensive undertaking that includes:

• Collection and reception of batteries;
• Burning of flammable electrolytes;
• Neutralization of hazardous internal chemistry;
• Smelting of metallic components;(Dell gk479 battery, Dell inspiron 1520 battery)
• Refining & purification of recovered high value metals; and
• Disposal of non-recoverable waste metals like lithium and aluminum.

The process is economic when a ton of batteries contains up to 600 pounds of recoverable cobalt that's worth $40 a pound. The instant you take the cobalt out of the equation, the process becomes hopelessly uneconomic. Products that cannot be economically recycled can only end up in one place, your friendly neighborhood landfill.

Despite their extremely high metal value, cobalt-based lithium batteries(compaq dv2000 battery,Dell inspiron 6400 battery) are rarely recycled because process is so difficult and expensive.

In the final analysis, the recycling mythology is just another glaring example of unconscionable waste and pollution masquerading as conservation.

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With average U.S. gasoline prices approaching $4 a gallon, drivers and automakers are thinking electric. Previously steered in this direction by concerns about pollution and dependence on foreign oil, consumer interest in electric-drive cars continues to surge. But before Americans are able to flip the switch from gasoline to electricity, automakers need batteries(Dell vostro 1520 battery) for the next generation of electric vehicles that can deliver the range, performance, reliability and safety drivers expect.

The Large-Volume Battery Calorimeter (LVBC) a crucial tool to help put these new automobiles on the road. Unveiled last year by the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the LVBC is designed to precisely measure the heat generated by batteries for electric-drive vehicles, analyze temperature's effects on systems, and help pinpoint the ways to manage battery temperatures for the best performance and maximum life. The Vehicle Technologies Program at the Department of Energy supported the development and fabrication of the LVBC for advancing battery technologies for advanced vehicles.

To make electric-drive vehicles that are attractive to consumers, the batteries that power those cars need to be affordable, high-performing, long-lasting, and operate at maximum efficiency in a wide range of driving conditions and climates. The next generation of electric-drive cars and light trucks will be required to travel farther on electric power alone, placing greater energy demands on the vehicles' battery packs. As the packs get larger, regulating battery temperatures become even more important in helping improve performance, lifespan, safety and affordability. The best tool automakers have for assessing thermal control and optimizing battery performance is NREL's LVBC.

"NREL's large-volume battery calorimeter is the first system large enough and accurate enough to test the whole battery systems for electric vehicles," says Dr. Said Al-Hallaj, chairman and CEO of AllCell, a major battery integrator. "We strongly believe that this leading-edge instrument is critical in developing the battery management system of the next generation of electric vehicles."

"Larger and more advanced versions of the lithium ion battery technology that powers laptops are the next wave in energy storage for plug-in hybrid and all-electric vehicles. High temperatures shorten the life of lithium ion batteries, while cold temperatures diminish lithium ion batteries' power capabilities and hurt overall vehicle performance. NREL's LVBC is the only calorimeter capable of accurately quantifying the heat generation and efficiency of these lithium ion batteries(Dell inspiron 1720 battery, Dell inspiron 1520 battery)," said NREL Principal Engineer Ahmad Pesaran, who leads the vehicle Energy Storage projects.

Greatest Volume and Accuracy

The largest and most-accurate device of its kind, the LVBC can determine the exact amount of heat generated by battery cells, modules, sub-packs, and even some full-size packs as they are charged and discharged. It combines a high volume test chamber and wide temperature range options with state-of-the-art thermal isolation and control, current load capabilities and precision measurement.

In addition, the LVBC is the only calorimeter designed to test the liquid-cooled batteries found in the Ford Electric Focus, the Chevy Volt, and the Tesla Roadster. GM used an earlier NREL calorimeter to help create the Volt battery.

"We knew there was a need for this technology. Testing cells and smaller modules in lower-capacity calorimeters was only giving us — and car and battery manufacturers — part of the picture," said NREL Senior Engineer Matthew Keyser, who developed the LVBC.

Despite the LVBC's large size, its heat-flux measurements are extremely precise, recording heat rates as low as 15 milliwatts and heat inputs as low as 15 Joules — about the amount of energy released while rubbing your hands together. Achieving this degree of sensitivity in such a large volume required a number ofdesign innovations, including superior thermal isolation and the ability to test batteries under realistic driving conditions. The instrument is able to determine heat levels and energy efficiency within plus or minus 2 percent of actual values.

Troubleshooting Before Cars Hit the Road

Members of the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium, which includes Chrysler, Ford and GM, realize that in-depth analysis of battery heat management issues can help automakers troubleshoot thermal issues and engineer systems capable of maintaining batteries within the ideal temperature range. The comprehensive and accurate information that the LVBC provides will be critical to the automotive and battery industry as new advanced batteries and thermal managementsystems are optimized for the next generation of electric-drive vehicles. NREL is testing batteries from a number of battery developers including A123Systems, LGChem-CPI, and Johnson Control Saft in the LVBC.

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How to Monitor Your Laptop’s Battery Performance for Vista

We have previously covered power tools that allows you to keep a check on your laptopbattery, among them so far our favorite has been Battery Bar. But now a new contender has arisen that aims to be totally flexible and fully configurable, and yes it also supports Aero Glass.

Laptops are widely used now-a-days and so many people don’t know how to take good care of its most important element, the battery. Battery Care is a freeware tool which accurately monitors the battery performance of your system and provides useful information such as total capacity, voltage, CPU temperature, and the manufacturer’s information. It is also capable of tracking  the battery’s discharge cycle. This tool may also automatically select the power plan you prefer.
BattCursor is a free battery management tool that aims to replace the default Power functionality that comes in Windows 7 and Vista. Everything is customizable, from Cursor, Tray Symbol, and Colorization to Battery(Compaq nc6000 battery, Dell d630 batteries) Tweaks, Power Profiles, and Notifications.
Unlike Windows, where the Advanced Power Settings is too complicated to use, BattCursor makes it easy to tweak everything from a single window. You can perform battery tweaks and create a custom power profile to suit your needs or you can simply customize the look and feel. The profile management section is quite impressive since it allows you to automatically change the power plan according to the battery. For example in my case, if the battery is above 70%, the profile would be High Performance, if battery is above 50% then Balanced, and so on.
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There are tons of other features that you can explore. Even if you are comfortable with your current laptop battery power management, you should still give it a try since it drastically helps you in further reducing the power consumption. Since BattCursor has a less system memory footprint, it can also come handy if you are running Windows 7 on a Netbook.

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It is lightweight tool and consumes minimal resources, almost 1% of processor and memory resources. It works perfectly on Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7. For Windows users, the Imtec Battery Marker is also a cool tool for monitoring the laptop’s battery(Dell inspiron 1520 battery, Dell inspiron 1720 batteries) life and for Linux users.
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