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2011年4月26日星期二

Lithium Batteries Future Will be Controled by ALPA

Lithium batteries being shipped by air have long been a concern for the National Transportation Safety Board and federal transportation authorities, and ALPA has supported fully regulating them -- including increased marking, labeling, and packaging requirements; conducting employee training; and notifying the pilot-in-command that these shipments are aboard the aircraft -- since 2004.
"While paint and dry ice shipments aboard aircraft are currently regulated as dangerous goods, shipments of lithium batteries are not, despite the aircraft incidents and fires linked to the unsafe shipment of these batteries and their ability to self-ignite when improperly packaged or mishandled," Moak said in his statement to the U.S. House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee's Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials.
The statement says presario cq40 battery can spontaneously catch fire, emitting sparks, flames, and large amounts of smoke. If packaged or handled inappropriately, the batteries can self-ignite and, once ignited, the fire can quickly spread from battery to battery and be extremely difficult to extinguish.
"While the International Civil Aviation Organization requirements serve as a regulatory foundation, they don't go far enough in ensuring the safe transport of lithium batteries as cargo," it says. "The gaps that result seriously threaten the safety of airline passengers, crews, cargo, and even individuals on the ground who could be harmed in an incident." ALPA supports U.S. regulations that go beyond the ICAO requirements by:
  • Mandating notification of the pilot-in-command that lithium batteries(Hp pavilion dv4 batteries) are being transported. Knowing that hazardous materials are aboard the aircraft can affect pilots' decisions, including which airport to choose in an emergency diversion and what information to provide so that first responders are prepared with equipment necessary to fight a fire on board.
  • Limiting the total quantity of lithium batteries permitted to be shipped aboard a single aircraft. While the number of batteries per shipping package is limited, there is no limit to the number of packages that may be shipped aboard a single aircraft.
  • Restricting lithium battery shipments to specific cargo compartments. Lithium ion batteries are proven to respond favorably to the Halon system in a Class C cargo compartment. The batteries need to be fully regulated to ensure they are loaded only in cargo compartments that are equipped with the most effective fire suppression systems.Hp pavilion dv8000 battery
  • Banning shipment of lithium-metal batteries on all aircraft. While the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration banned shipments of lithium-metal batteries(Hp pavilion dv9000 battery) on passenger aircraft in 2004, they are still allowed on cargo aircraft.
  • Requiring dangerous-goods labels. A dangerous-goods label requirement would increase awareness on the part of the ground personnel who load and unload aircraft and potentially reduce the likelihood that damaged shipments would be loaded on aircraft.
  • Mandating training for lithium battery shippers and handlers. Safety would be enhanced by raising awareness among shippers and providing training on the safe handling of lithium batteries. With regulatory training requirements, lithium battery shippers, handlers, and facilities would be subject to oversight and inspection to ensure that training and packaging provisions are met.
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2011年3月1日星期二

Lithium batteries will be available for iPad 6 in 2011


If Apple announces the iPhone 2 as expected it tomorrow, it will likely run, like the first model, on a lithium-polymer battery. As do all those new Android tablets and smart phones, and the new electric vehicles that will save us, finally, from our "dependency on foreign oil." So where will the lithium come from and will there be enough?
Lithium is the lightest metal, and much of the current supply is in a few brine or clay deposits, mainly in Bolivia and Chile, with the next smaller sources in western Australia and some deposits in China. Some is found in igneous rock. A Reuters news analysis noted nearly two years ago in May 2009"There are enormous possibilities for profit." The reason? The projected boom in demand for lithium.
Lithium salts are used in mood-stabilizing drugs; and in a range of industrial applications: heat-resistant glass and ceramics, high strength-to-weight alloys used in aircraft, and in lithium and lithium-ion batteries.
Electric vehicles, or EVs, are widely expected to send demand for lithium soaring. For EVs to have even the remotest chance of actually reducing oil consumption, let alone "eliminating our oil dependency," millions of of them will have to built and sold and run. Every one of them with a Hp pavilion dv5 battery Hp pavilion dv6 batteries that uses lithium, lots of it compared to your cell phone.
One view of this is on display at The Fiscal Times, where Tom Zoellner draws on data compiled by a mining company, Western Lithium, which is developing a deposit in northwest Nevada. Zoellner: "Lithium is difficult to find and excavate. Tiny amounts are found in compounds everywhere, including in the bodies of mammals, but in extremely small quantities. The best way to mine it is to dig under the beds of dried lakes with high saline contents, where volcanoes in wet climates leached groundwater into a landlocked basin tens of thousands of years ago — not exactly in your backyard. Very few places on the globe match these exacting conditions, and some of them are politically problematic."
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Western Lithium sources some data to show a steeply rising demand for lithium, the graph of which isreproduced by The Fiscal Times (you can find the full WL presentation on the company's Website.) Somewhat coyly, the mining company doesn't project the impact of demand on price, which the graph shows has actually dropped since early 2009, due to the global financial crisis.
The headline at The Fiscal Times headline is pure alarmism: "Back to Land Lines? Cell Phones May Be Dead by 2015."
But according to a Tucson, Arizona-based TRU Group, which has a consulting practice in lithium exploration and process engineering, the financial crisis has hammered the market, depressing prices, even as production and reserves will more than meet the projected demand. In a presentation at the January 2011 3rd Lithium Supply & Markets Conference in Toronto, the company highlighted the "seemingly unstoppable supply growth" that "will cause such huge overcapacity that the stability of the industry will be threatened."
TRU sees no shortage in lithium supplies to at least 2020. "Pipeline projects and expansions could increase capacity by about 40,000 tpy Li-contained in the next decade – double what the industry needs," according the company. "Existing lithium chemical producers have the in-ground resources and ability to meet nearly all market requirements by expanding capacity." Prices for lithium carbonate fell steeply in 2010 and will remain depressed.  "Long term there is no market-driven upward-price pressure so prices will remain stable and likely below $5000" per ton. Startup and new project producers, lured by the rosy demand forecasts will find it impossible to compete against the distinctive natural cost advantage of brine-based producers" specifically Chemetall-SCL, FMC and SQM.
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2010年12月9日星期四

How Lithium Batteries Work – Wholesale Electronic News


A new technique called electrochemical strain microscopy maps how lithium ions flow through a battery’s cathode material. This 1 x 1-μm composite image demonstrates how regions on a cathode surface display varying electrochemical behaviors when probed with ESM. Courtesy of Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Figure7 How Lithium Batteries Work Wholesale Electronic News
Figure7
Lithium-ion batteries have a number of advantages over other types of rechargeable batteries, including a good capacity-to-weight ratio, no memory effect and a slow loss of charge. They are not only highly popular for consumer electronics products, but also critical parts for future electric cars or as buffers for renewable yet noncontinuous energy sources such as solar cells.
Their main components are the anode and cathode electrodes separated by an electrolyte. The lithium ions move from the anode to cathode through the electrolyte during charge and discharge, producing electric work. The movement of lithium ions into and out of electrodes is central to the charge capacity and to the power of lithium-ion batteries; therefore, the processes of insertion (or intercalation) and extraction (de-intercalation) of ions are areas of active research.
The researchers say that, although the process has been extensively studied at the device level, it remains virtually unknown at the nanoscale level of grain clusters, single grains and defects.
One method used to date is atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study how the surface morphology of the electrodes changes while the battery is charging or discharging. Static strains can be derived from this and electronic currents mapped across the electrode surfaces. However, a dynamic study of the intercalation processes, strain charge and ion transport at the level of single-grain boundaries and dislocations in the electrodes is not possible with standard AFM alone.
This is exactly what the researchers have done with ESM, which they reported on in Nature Nanotechnology 5, pp. 749 to 754, published online Aug. 29, 2010. By using the tip of an AFM to concentrate an oscillating electric field onto the cathode of a lithium-ion battery, they triggered lithium ions to intercalate and de-intercalate in a small volume underneath the biased tip. This resulted in periodic changes of the cathode volume and a strain at its surface. The strain was then measured by the same AFM tip, leading to a map of the lithium intercalation and transport processes.
wholesaleeshop.com .au 1 300x225 How Lithium Batteries Work Wholesale Electronic News
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A new technique called electrochemical strain microscopy maps how lithium ions flow through a battery’s cathode material. This 1 x 1-μm composite image demonstrates how regions on a cathode surface display varying electrochemical behaviors when probed with ESM. Courtesy of Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Lithium-ion batteries have a number of advantages over other types of rechargeable batteries, including a good capacity-to-weight ratio, no memory effect and a slow loss of charge. They are not only highly popular for consumer electronics products, but also critical parts for future electric cars or as buffers for renewable yet noncontinuous energy sources such as solar cells.
Their main components are the anode and cathode electrodes separated by an electrolyte. The lithium ions move from the anode to cathode through the electrolyte during charge and discharge, producing electric work. The movement of lithium ions into and out of electrodes is central to the charge capacity and to the power of lithium-ion batteries; therefore, the processes of insertion (or intercalation) and extraction (de-intercalation) of ions are areas of active research.
The researchers say that, although the process has been extensively studied at the device level, it remains virtually unknown at the nanoscale level of grain clusters, single grains and defects.
One method used to date is atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study how the surface morphology of the electrodes changes while the battery is charging or discharging. Static strains can be derived from this and electronic currents mapped across the electrode surfaces. However, a dynamic study of the intercalation processes, strain charge and ion transport at the level of single-grain boundaries and dislocations in the electrodes is not possible with standard AFM alone.
This is exactly what the researchers have done with ESM, which they reported on in Nature Nanotechnology 5, pp. 749 to 754, published online Aug. 29, 2010. By using the tip of an AFM to concentrate an oscillating electric field onto the cathode of a lithium-ion battery, they triggered lithium ions to intercalate and de-intercalate in a small volume underneath the biased tip. This resulted in periodic changes of the cathode volume and a strain at its surface. The strain was then measured by the same AFM tip, leading to a map of the lithium intercalation and transport processes.
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